冰島旅游景點(diǎn)

1. 冰島旅游攻略英文

可以的。

英語在冰島的普及率是非常高的，一般人都會(huì)講，所以，在冰島用英語基本能和當(dāng)?shù)厝诉M(jìn)行無障礙溝通。

冰島語為冰島的官方語言，使用人口超過30萬人，說冰島語的人口主要集中在冰島本島上。冰島語屬于印毆語系、日耳曼語族北支（又稱斯堪的納維亞語支）。

2. 冰島旅游英語介紹

出國就可以用谷歌了，手機(jī)安裝谷歌翻譯APP，多語言支持，翻譯方式多樣，如自動(dòng)語音翻譯、圖片掃描翻譯、攝像頭實(shí)時(shí)翻譯，基本全覆蓋。目前最優(yōu)秀的翻譯軟件。

其實(shí)不用想太多，肢體語言和計(jì)算器全球通用

冰島旅游景點(diǎn)介紹英文(冰島旅游英語介紹) 冰島旅游景點(diǎn)

關(guān)于介紹冰島的英語作文 簡單點(diǎn)的 高中水平 200字 帶中文翻譯 不要拷貝

Iceland republic - a beautiful place. It is located in Greenland and Britain, is among the north Atlantic low-carbon a tiny island nation, they have their own language - Icelandic language, developed education make education nation Iceland becomes. His capital reykjavik is a very beautiful place, is Iceland's biggest port city. Iceland low annual temperature, think of Iceland to play more passengers remember with clothes, otherwise but will cold bad oh.

Maybe like music knows that the world-famous band Sigur Ros - they inherited Iceland consistent with vacant style, make songs in Iceland the perfect combination of this one noun in together.

If which day vacation, consider to Iceland relax now. 冰島共和國-一個(gè)優(yōu)美的地方。它位于格陵蘭島和英國中間，是浩淼的北大西洋上的一個(gè)小小的島國，他們擁有自己的語言-冰島語，發(fā)達(dá)的教育讓冰島成為教育大國。他的首都雷克雅未克是個(gè)非常漂亮的地方，也是冰島最大的港口城市。冰島年均氣溫比較低，想到冰島去玩的旅客們記得多帶衣服，不然可是會(huì)冷壞的哦。

或許喜歡音樂的人都知道那聞名世界的樂隊(duì)-Sigur Rós，他們繼承了冰島一貫的空靈風(fēng)格，讓歌曲與冰島這一名詞完美的結(jié)合在了一起。

要是哪天放假了，不妨考慮到冰島放松一下吧。

冰島景點(diǎn)英文介紹

冰島是歐洲最西部的國家，位于北大西洋中部，靠近北極圈，冰川面積占8000平方公里，為歐洲第二大島。海岸線長約4970公里。全境3/4是海拔 400-800米的高原，其中1/8被冰川覆蓋。有100多座火山，其中活火山30多座。華納達(dá)爾斯赫努克火山為全國最高峰，海拔2119米。冰島幾乎整個(gè)國家都建立在火山巖石上，大部分土地不能開墾，是世界溫泉最多的國家，地?zé)?a href='/ziyuan/' target=_blank>資源豐富，所以被稱為冰火之國。多噴泉、瀑布、湖泊和湍急河流，最大河流錫尤爾騷河長227公里。冰島全境遍布國家公園與自然保護(hù)區(qū)，其中最壯觀的是Myvatn自然保護(hù)區(qū)與Tingvellir、杰古沙龍、史卡法特(Skaftafell)等國家公園。史卡法特國家公園最著名的景點(diǎn)就是史瓦提(Svartifoss)瀑布；杰古沙龍國家公園內(nèi)的杰古沙龍湖是在冰河底端所形成的一個(gè)湖，深達(dá)100公尺。冰島國家基本信息：中文全名：冰島共和國英文名： The Republic of Iceland所屬洲： 歐洲位置： 北大西洋中部，靠近北極圈面積： 10.3萬平方公里人口： 313，376人(2007年)民族： 冰島人語言： 冰島語宗教： 基督教路德宗首都： 雷克雅未克國家代碼： IS時(shí)差： 比北京快8小時(shí)貨幣與匯率： 冰島克朗國家電話區(qū)號(hào)： +354電壓： 230伏特、50赫茲國鳥： 白隼國花： 三色堇

譯文：

Iceland is the most Western European countries, is located in the central North Atlantic, near the Arctic Circle, the glacier area of 8000 square kilometers, second of Europe's big island. Coasting grows about 4970 kilometers. Throughout 3 / 4 is the elevation of 400-800 meters plateau, among them 1 / 8 by a glacier. There are more than 100 volcano, the volcano 30 seat. Warner Dahl Hector Nuuk volcano is the national peak, 2119 meters above sea level. Iceland almost the entire country based on the volcano rock, most of the land can not be reclaimed, is the world's largest hot springs, is rich in geothermal resources, so called Binghuo country. Many fountains, waterfalls, lakes and river, the largest river in tin Yule Sao river is 227 kilometres long. Iceland throughout all over the country park and nature reserve, one of the most spectacular is Myvatn natural protection area and Tingvellir, Jie ancient salon, history caffet ( Skaftafell ) and other national park. History caffet National Park's most famous attractions is the SCHWARTE ( Svartifoss ) falls; Jie ancient salon National Park Jie ancient sand of Longhu is in the ice bottom end formed by a lake, 100 meters deep. Iceland national basic information: name in Chinese : the Iceland Republic English Name: The Republic of Iceland belongs to Delta : a European position: the central North Atlantic, near the Arctic Circle area: 103000 square kilometers, population 313376 ( 2007): Nation: Iceland language: Iceland Religion: Christian Lutheran capital: Reykjavik country code: IS time: 8 hours faster than in Beijing monetary and exchange rate: Iceland Republic national telephone area code: + 354 voltage: 230 V, 50 Hz bird: Bai Sun: pansy flower

冰島 英文簡介

Iceland (Icelandic, ísland), island republic, in the North Atlantic Ocean, about 300 km (about 185 mi) east of Greenland and about 1,000 km (about 620 mi) west of Norway. The country’s extreme dimensions are about 305 km (about 190 mi) from north to south and about 485 km (about 300 mi) from east to west. Iceland has an area of 103,000 sq km (39,800 sq mi).

II LAND AND RESOURCES

In shape Iceland is generally elliptic, and the coastline, with a total length of 4,990 km (3,100 mi), is deeply indented, especially in the west and north. Important embayments on the West Coast are Faxaflói (bay) and Breieafj?reur (fjord). Projecting northwest between the latter and Húnaflói (bay), one of the major indentations on the northern coast, is an irregularly formed peninsula fringed by precipitous cliffs. The peninsular coastline makes up about 30 percent of the total for the island. Volcanic in origin, Iceland consists predominantly of uninhabitable lava tablelands with mountainous outcroppings; the lowlands, situated mainly along the southwestern coast, occupy about 25 percent of the total area. The bulk of the Icelandic population lives along the coast, particularly in the southwest.

Elevations in the uplands average between about 610 and 915 m (about 2,000 and 3,000 ft). Hvannadalshnúkur (2,119 m/6,952 ft), in the southeast, is the highest summit. Nearly 15 percent of the surface of the island is covered by snowfields and glaciers. Vatnaj?kull, a glacier in the southeast, has an area of 8,456 sq km (3,265 sq mi). The island has more than 120 glaciers and numerous small lakes and swift-flowing rivers.

Iceland is remarkable for the number of its volcanoes, craters, and thermal springs and for the frequency of its earthquakes. More than 100 volcanoes, including at least 25 that have erupted in historic times, are situated on the island. Noteworthy among the volcanoes are Hekla (1,491 m/4,892 ft), which has erupted many times, including in 1766, 1947, and 1980, and nearby Laki, with about 100 separate craters. Vast lava fields have been created by volcanoes, and many eruptions have caused widespread devastation. In 1783, when the only known eruption of Laki occurred, molten lava, volcanic ashes and gases, and torrential floods resulting from melting ice and snow led to the deaths of more than 9,000 people, ruined large tracts of arable land, and destroyed about 80 percent of the livestock on the island. In 1963 an ocean-floor volcano erupted off the southwestern coast of Iceland, creating Surtsey Island. In 1973 a volcano on Heimaey Island became active, forcing the evacuation of the island’s main town, Vestmannaeyjar.

Thermal springs are common in Iceland. Particularly numerous in the volcanic areas, the springs occur as geysers, as boiling mud lakes, and in various other forms. Geysir, generally regarded as the most spectacular, erupts at irregular intervals (usually from 5 to 36 hr), ejecting a column of boiling water up to about 60 m (about 200 ft) in height. Most homes and industrial establishments in the Reykjavík area are heated by water piped from nearby hot springs.

A Climate

Iceland has a relatively mild and equable climate, despite its high altitude and its proximity to the Arctic. Because of oceanic influences, notably the North Atlantic Drift (a continuation of the Gulf Stream), climatic conditions are moderate in all sections of the island. The mean annual temperature at Reykjavík is about 5° C (about 41° F), with a range from -1° C (31° F) in January to 11° C (52° F) in July. In the northwestern, northern, and eastern coastal regions, subject to the effects of polar currents and drifting ice, temperatures are generally lower. Windstorms of considerable violence are characteristic during much of the winter season. Annual precipitation ranges between about 1,270 and 2,030 mm (about 50 and 80 in) along the southern coast, and is only about 510 mm (about 20 in) along the northern coast. The southern slopes of some of Iceland’s interior mountains rece ive up to about 4,570 mm (about 180 in) of moisture per year.

B Plants and Animals

The vegetation of Iceland is of the arctic European type. Grass and heather are abundant along the southern coast and afford pasturage for sheep and other livestock. Extensive forests probably existed on the island in prehistoric times, but present-day trees, such as birch and spruce, are relatively scarce. Bilberries and crowberries are the only kinds of fruit that grow on the island. The arctic fox was probably living in Iceland at the time of the first human settlement. Reindeer were introduced about 1770; rodents were brought in on ships. Neither reptiles nor frogs and toads are found. About 100 species of birds inhabit the island; many of these species are aquatic, among them the whistling swan and several kinds of duck. The eider duck is valued for its down. Whales and seals live along the coast, as do cod, haddock, halibut, and herring. Many salmon and trout inhabit Iceland’s freshwater rivers and lakes.

III POPULATION

The population of Iceland is extremely homogeneous, being almost entirely of Scandinavian and Celtic origin. Beginning in the 1940s a large-scale movement to the coastal towns and villages has occurred. Some 92 percent of the people now live in cities and towns. The population of Iceland (2002 estimate) is 279,384. The overall population density is 2.7 persons per sq km (7 per sq mi).

A Political Divisions and Principal Cities

Iceland is divided into eight regions, each with its own administrative center. Reykjavík (population, 1998 estimate, 108,351) is the capital and chief port. Other towns are Akureyri (15,102), on the northern coast; Kópavogur (21,370), Hafnarfj?reur (18,600), and Keflavík (7,637), on the western coast near Reykjavík; and Vestmannaeyjar (4,640), on the tiny island of Heimaey off the southern coast.

B Religion and Language

The state church of Iceland is the Evangelical Lutheran church, with which about 90 percent of the people are affiliated. Complete religious freedom exists, however. Free Lutherans and Roman Catholics make up a small minority. The language is Icelandic, which has remained closer to the Old Norse of Iceland’s original Viking settlers than to the other Scandinavian languages. See Icelandic Language; Icelandic Literature.

C Education

Literacy in Iceland approaches 100 percent of the adult population. Education is free through the university level and is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 16. In the 1998-1999 school year 30,355 pupils were enrolled in primary schools, 30,253 students attended secondary and vocational schools, and 7386 were enrolled in higher institutions. The leading institution of higher education is the University of Iceland (1911), in Reykjavík. The country also has a technical college and colleges of agriculture and music as well as teacher-training schools.

The principal libraries of Iceland are the University Library, the National Library, and the City Library, all located in Reykjavík. The capital is also the site of the Museum of Natural History; the National Museum, containing a major collection of Icelandic antiquities; and an art gallery housing the work of the Icelandic sculptor Einar Jónsson.

IV ECONOMY

Private enterprise forms the basis of the economy of Iceland, but the government exercises a considerable degree of control and supervision over key sectors. Until the close of the 19th century, agriculture was the chief occupation, with fishing as a supplementary source of income. By the middle of the 20th century, however, fishing and fish processing had become the major industries. Hydroelectric power potential is abundant and is being developed to further industrialization. In 1970 Iceland became a member of the European Free Trade Association. The national budget in 1998 included revenue of $2.4 billion and expenditure of $2.4 billion. Iceland suffered from a high rate of inflation in the late 1970s and the 1980s, but the rate d ecreased substantially in the early 1990s. In 2000 Iceland’s gross domestic product was $8.5 billion.

A Agriculture

Only 9 percent of Iceland’s labor force is engaged in agriculture and fishing. Only 0.07 percent of the land area is under cultivation. The principal crops are turnips and potatoes. Livestock raising is a major occupation, and considerable quantities of dairy products, wool, mutton and lamb, and chicken eggs are produced. In 2001 the country had 465,000 sheep, 72,100 cattle, and 77,330 horses.

B Fishing

Fishing and fish processing are the most important Icelandic industries, and the total catch in 1997 was 2.2 million metric tons. Food products, including fresh and processed fish, account for 70 percent of Iceland’s exports. Iceland is a leading producer of cod, and other major components of the catch include capelin, haddock, crustaceans, herring, redfish, and saithe. Coastal towns have extensive facilities for fish processing. In response to international pressure, Iceland suspended all whaling operations in 1989. However, in June 1992 Iceland withdrew from the International Whaling Commission, disputing the designation of some species of whales as endangered and claiming that certain species threatened Iceland’s commercial fish population.

C Mining

Iceland has few proven mineral resources, and profitable development has been difficult. Minerals of commercial value include pumice and diatomite.

D Manufacturing

Aside from fish processing, manufacturing is primarily for domestic consumption needs. Principal products are clothing, shoes, soaps, and chemicals. Book production is also a large trade in Iceland. Some electrical appliances are made. In addition, major plants producing aluminum (from imported bauxite) and ferrosilicon have been established to take advantage of Iceland’s energy resources.

E Energy

Hydroelectric installations produce 85 percent of Iceland’s electricity, with geothermal sources supplying the rest. Output in 1999 was 7.1 billion kilowatt hours. Hot water from springs is used for heating and in some manufacturing operations.

F Currency and Banking

The monetary unit of Iceland is the króna, consisting of 100 aurar (78.62 krónur equal U.S. $1; 2000). In 1981 the government introduced a new króna, equivalent to 100 old krónur. Currency is issued by the state-owned Central Bank (1961). Iceland has several private commercial banks.

G Foreign Trade

The yearly value of Iceland’s imports is often greater than that of its exports, although the country’s foreign trade balances occasionally. In 2000 imports cost $2.6 billion, and exports earned $1.9 billion. Major imports include refined petroleum, machinery, transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, basic manufactures, and foodstuffs. Exports of metal and ores, including a significant amount of aluminum, account for 16 percent of total exports. The country’s main trade partners are the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, France, Norway, and Japan.

H Transportation and Communications

Iceland has 12,962 km (8,054 mi) of roads, which are mainly located in coastal areas. In 1999 Iceland had 546 passenger cars for every 1,000 residents. The island has no railroads or navigable rivers. The country has several seaports, including Arkanes, Keflavík, Reykjavík, and Siglufj?reur. Icelandair provides domestic and international air service.

There are 3 daily newspapers published in Iceland, with a combined circulation of 145,000. Telephone and telegraph services are owned and administered by the government; the state monopoly on radio and television broadcasting ended in 1986. In 1997 the country had 950 radio receivers and 358 television sets for every 1,000 inhabitants.

V GOVERNMENT

Iceland is governed under a constitution that became effective when the country achieved full independence in 1944. Iceland has no armed forces of its own excep t for 120 coast guard personnel, but is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 1997 some 1,520 United States military personnel were stationed at Keflavík air base.

A Executive

The head of state of Iceland is a president, who is elected by universal suffrage by persons aged 18 and older to a four-year term. The president has little power, and the country’s chief executive is a prime minister, who is responsible to Parliament. The prime minister is assisted by a cabinet, which holds real executive power.

B Legislature

The legislature of Iceland is the Althing, which has met almost continually since its establishment in ad 930, and which was converted from a bicameral to a unicameral system in 1991. It has 63 members, 54 elected to four-year terms under a system of proportional representation and 9 allotted to the political parties based on their relative vote totals in the elections.

C Political Parties

The leading political organizations of Iceland are the Independence Party, a conservative group; the leftist Alliance coalition, which includes the People’s Alliance, the People’s Party, and the Alliance of Women’s List; the liberal Progressive Party; and the Left-Green Alliance. Governments in Iceland are generally formed by coalitions, including the current government of the Independence Party and the Progressive Party.

富陽冰島旅游景點(diǎn)介紹英文(冰島的特色介紹英語) 冰島旅游景點(diǎn)

冰島景點(diǎn)英文介紹

冰島是歐洲最西部的國家，位于北大西洋中部，靠近北極圈，冰川面積占8000平方公里，為歐洲第二大島。海岸線長約4970公里。全境3/4是海拔 400-800米的高原，其中1/8被冰川覆蓋。有100多座火山，其中活火山30多座。華納達(dá)爾斯赫努克火山為全國最高峰，海拔2119米。冰島幾乎整個(gè)國家都建立在火山巖石上，大部分土地不能開墾，是世界溫泉最多的國家，地?zé)?a href='/ziyuan/' target=_blank>資源豐富，所以被稱為冰火之國。多噴泉、瀑布、湖泊和湍急河流，最大河流錫尤爾騷河長227公里。冰島全境遍布國家公園與自然保護(hù)區(qū)，其中最壯觀的是Myvatn自然保護(hù)區(qū)與Tingvellir、杰古沙龍、史卡法特(Skaftafell)等國家公園。史卡法特國家公園最著名的景點(diǎn)就是史瓦提(Svartifoss)瀑布；杰古沙龍國家公園內(nèi)的杰古沙龍湖是在冰河底端所形成的一個(gè)湖，深達(dá)100公尺。冰島國家基本信息：中文全名：冰島共和國英文名： The Republic of Iceland所屬洲： 歐洲位置： 北大西洋中部，靠近北極圈面積： 10.3萬平方公里人口： 313，376人(2007年)民族： 冰島人語言： 冰島語宗教： 基督教路德宗首都： 雷克雅未克國家代碼： IS時(shí)差： 比北京快8小時(shí)貨幣與匯率： 冰島克朗國家電話區(qū)號(hào)： +354電壓： 230伏特、50赫茲國鳥： 白隼國花： 三色堇

譯文：

Iceland is the most Western European countries, is located in the central North Atlantic, near the Arctic Circle, the glacier area of 8000 square kilometers, second of Europe's big island. Coasting grows about 4970 kilometers. Throughout 3 / 4 is the elevation of 400-800 meters plateau, among them 1 / 8 by a glacier. There are more than 100 volcano, the volcano 30 seat. Warner Dahl Hector Nuuk volcano is the national peak, 2119 meters above sea level. Iceland almost the entire country based on the volcano rock, most of the land can not be reclaimed, is the world's largest hot springs, is rich in geothermal resources, so called Binghuo country. Many fountains, waterfalls, lakes and river, the largest river in tin Yule Sao river is 227 kilometres long. Iceland throughout all over the country park and nature reserve, one of the most spectacular is Myvatn natural protection area and Tingvellir, Jie ancient salon, history caffet ( Skaftafell ) and other national park. History caffet National Park's most famous attractions is the SCHWARTE ( Svartifoss ) falls; Jie ancient salon National Park Jie ancient sand of Longhu is in the ice bottom end formed by a lake, 100 meters deep. Iceland national basic information: name in Chinese : the Iceland Republic English Name: The Republic of Iceland belongs to Delta : a European position: the central North Atlantic, near the Arctic Circle area: 103000 square kilometers, population 313376 ( 2007): Nation: Iceland language: Iceland Religion: Christian Lutheran capital: Reykjavik country code: IS time: 8 hours faster than in Beijing monetary and exchange rate: Iceland Republic national telephone area code: + 354 voltage: 230 V, 50 Hz bird: Bai Sun: pansy flower

冰島的英文介紹

洛基英語的英文冰島介紹：

Iceland - Discoveries the Entire Year

Iceland is not only closer than you think, but far different than you ever imagined. Where else can you witness such marvels of Mother Nature as a tremendous icecap and several glaciers, spouting geysers and steaming solfataras, volcanoes (hopefully dormant), raging rivers and magnificent waterfalls, a multitude of birds, cavorting whales just offshore and many other surprises. Summers are surprisingly warm and winters not as cold as you might expect. Regardless of when you visit, be assured that the warmth shown by Icelanders, their desire to share their culture and the efforts made to make your stay as pleasant as possible will, like the spectacular landscape, never be forgotten.

冰島與你腦海中勾畫的那番景象，相近卻又遙遠(yuǎn)的超乎你的想象。在這里，你親眼見證大自然宛如一個(gè)巨大的冰蓋，上面冰川嶙峋，高涌的噴泉，蒸發(fā)的硫質(zhì)噴氣孔，成群的火山（但愿在休眠中），奔騰的河流，壯觀的瀑布，鳥類集群，海面上跳躍的鯨魚，還有其他想不到的驚喜都在等著你。冰島的夏季出人意料的暖和，冬季并不是你想象中的那般寒冷。無論你何時(shí)造訪冰島，都可以放一百個(gè)心，冰島人民熱情待人，他們樂于與你分享冰島的當(dāng)?shù)?a href='/wenhua/' target=_blank>文化，將盡最大努力保證你的旅行舒適愉快，他們的友好將和冰島壯麗的風(fēng)景一樣，讓你難以忘懷。

關(guān)于介紹冰島的英語作文 簡單點(diǎn)的 高中水平 200字 帶中文翻譯 不要拷貝

Iceland republic - a beautiful place. It is located in Greenland and Britain, is among the north Atlantic low-carbon a tiny island nation, they have their own language - Icelandic language, developed education make education nation Iceland becomes. His capital reykjavik is a very beautiful place, is Iceland's biggest port city. Iceland low annual temperature, think of Iceland to play more passengers remember with clothes, otherwise but will cold bad oh.

Maybe like music knows that the world-famous band Sigur Ros - they inherited Iceland consistent with vacant style, make songs in Iceland the perfect combination of this one noun in together.

If which day vacation, consider to Iceland relax now. 冰島共和國-一個(gè)優(yōu)美的地方。它位于格陵蘭島和英國中間，是浩淼的北大西洋上的一個(gè)小小的島國，他們擁有自己的語言-冰島語，發(fā)達(dá)的教育讓冰島成為教育大國。他的首都雷克雅未克是個(gè)非常漂亮的地方，也是冰島最大的港口城市。冰島年均氣溫比較低，想到冰島去玩的旅客們記得多帶衣服，不然可是會(huì)冷壞的哦。

或許喜歡音樂的人都知道那聞名世界的樂隊(duì)-Sigur Rós，他們繼承了冰島一貫的空靈風(fēng)格，讓歌曲與冰島這一名詞完美的結(jié)合在了一起。

要是哪天放假了，不妨考慮到冰島放松一下吧。

冰島 英文簡介

Iceland (Icelandic, ísland), island republic, in the North Atlantic Ocean, about 300 km (about 185 mi) east of Greenland and about 1,000 km (about 620 mi) west of Norway. The country’s extreme dimensions are about 305 km (about 190 mi) from north to south and about 485 km (about 300 mi) from east to west. Iceland has an area of 103,000 sq km (39,800 sq mi).

II LAND AND RESOURCES

In shape Iceland is generally elliptic, and the coastline, with a total length of 4,990 km (3,100 mi), is deeply indented, especially in the west and north. Important embayments on the West Coast are Faxaflói (bay) and Breieafj?reur (fjord). Projecting northwest between the latter and Húnaflói (bay), one of the major indentations on the northern coast, is an irregularly formed peninsula fringed by precipitous cliffs. The peninsular coastline makes up about 30 percent of the total for the island. Volcanic in origin, Iceland consists predominantly of uninhabitable lava tablelands with mountainous outcroppings; the lowlands, situated mainly along the southwestern coast, occupy about 25 percent of the total area. The bulk of the Icelandic population lives along the coast, particularly in the southwest.

Elevations in the uplands average between about 610 and 915 m (about 2,000 and 3,000 ft). Hvannadalshnúkur (2,119 m/6,952 ft), in the southeast, is the highest summit. Nearly 15 percent of the surface of the island is covered by snowfields and glaciers. Vatnaj?kull, a glacier in the southeast, has an area of 8,456 sq km (3,265 sq mi). The island has more than 120 glaciers and numerous small lakes and swift-flowing rivers.

Iceland is remarkable for the number of its volcanoes, craters, and thermal springs and for the frequency of its earthquakes. More than 100 volcanoes, including at least 25 that have erupted in historic times, are situated on the island. Noteworthy among the volcanoes are Hekla (1,491 m/4,892 ft), which has erupted many times, including in 1766, 1947, and 1980, and nearby Laki, with about 100 separate craters. Vast lava fields have been created by volcanoes, and many eruptions have caused widespread devastation. In 1783, when the only known eruption of Laki occurred, molten lava, volcanic ashes and gases, and torrential floods resulting from melting ice and snow led to the deaths of more than 9,000 people, ruined large tracts of arable land, and destroyed about 80 percent of the livestock on the island. In 1963 an ocean-floor volcano erupted off the southwestern coast of Iceland, creating Surtsey Island. In 1973 a volcano on Heimaey Island became active, forcing the evacuation of the island’s main town, Vestmannaeyjar.

Thermal springs are common in Iceland. Particularly numerous in the volcanic areas, the springs occur as geysers, as boiling mud lakes, and in various other forms. Geysir, generally regarded as the most spectacular, erupts at irregular intervals (usually from 5 to 36 hr), ejecting a column of boiling water up to about 60 m (about 200 ft) in height. Most homes and industrial establishments in the Reykjavík area are heated by water piped from nearby hot springs.

A Climate

Iceland has a relatively mild and equable climate, despite its high altitude and its proximity to the Arctic. Because of oceanic influences, notably the North Atlantic Drift (a continuation of the Gulf Stream), climatic conditions are moderate in all sections of the island. The mean annual temperature at Reykjavík is about 5° C (about 41° F), with a range from -1° C (31° F) in January to 11° C (52° F) in July. In the northwestern, northern, and eastern coastal regions, subject to the effects of polar currents and drifting ice, temperatures are generally lower. Windstorms of considerable violence are characteristic during much of the winter season. Annual precipitation ranges between about 1,270 and 2,030 mm (about 50 and 80 in) along the southern coast, and is only about 510 mm (about 20 in) along the northern coast. The southern slopes of some of Iceland’s interior mountains rece ive up to about 4,570 mm (about 180 in) of moisture per year.

B Plants and Animals

The vegetation of Iceland is of the arctic European type. Grass and heather are abundant along the southern coast and afford pasturage for sheep and other livestock. Extensive forests probably existed on the island in prehistoric times, but present-day trees, such as birch and spruce, are relatively scarce. Bilberries and crowberries are the only kinds of fruit that grow on the island. The arctic fox was probably living in Iceland at the time of the first human settlement. Reindeer were introduced about 1770; rodents were brought in on ships. Neither reptiles nor frogs and toads are found. About 100 species of birds inhabit the island; many of these species are aquatic, among them the whistling swan and several kinds of duck. The eider duck is valued for its down. Whales and seals live along the coast, as do cod, haddock, halibut, and herring. Many salmon and trout inhabit Iceland’s freshwater rivers and lakes.

III POPULATION

The population of Iceland is extremely homogeneous, being almost entirely of Scandinavian and Celtic origin. Beginning in the 1940s a large-scale movement to the coastal towns and villages has occurred. Some 92 percent of the people now live in cities and towns. The population of Iceland (2002 estimate) is 279,384. The overall population density is 2.7 persons per sq km (7 per sq mi).

A Political Divisions and Principal Cities

Iceland is divided into eight regions, each with its own administrative center. Reykjavík (population, 1998 estimate, 108,351) is the capital and chief port. Other towns are Akureyri (15,102), on the northern coast; Kópavogur (21,370), Hafnarfj?reur (18,600), and Keflavík (7,637), on the western coast near Reykjavík; and Vestmannaeyjar (4,640), on the tiny island of Heimaey off the southern coast.

B Religion and Language

The state church of Iceland is the Evangelical Lutheran church, with which about 90 percent of the people are affiliated. Complete religious freedom exists, however. Free Lutherans and Roman Catholics make up a small minority. The language is Icelandic, which has remained closer to the Old Norse of Iceland’s original Viking settlers than to the other Scandinavian languages. See Icelandic Language; Icelandic Literature.

C Education

Literacy in Iceland approaches 100 percent of the adult population. Education is free through the university level and is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 16. In the 1998-1999 school year 30,355 pupils were enrolled in primary schools, 30,253 students attended secondary and vocational schools, and 7386 were enrolled in higher institutions. The leading institution of higher education is the University of Iceland (1911), in Reykjavík. The country also has a technical college and colleges of agriculture and music as well as teacher-training schools.

The principal libraries of Iceland are the University Library, the National Library, and the City Library, all located in Reykjavík. The capital is also the site of the Museum of Natural History; the National Museum, containing a major collection of Icelandic antiquities; and an art gallery housing the work of the Icelandic sculptor Einar Jónsson.

IV ECONOMY

Private enterprise forms the basis of the economy of Iceland, but the government exercises a considerable degree of control and supervision over key sectors. Until the close of the 19th century, agriculture was the chief occupation, with fishing as a supplementary source of income. By the middle of the 20th century, however, fishing and fish processing had become the major industries. Hydroelectric power potential is abundant and is being developed to further industrialization. In 1970 Iceland became a member of the European Free Trade Association. The national budget in 1998 included revenue of $2.4 billion and expenditure of $2.4 billion. Iceland suffered from a high rate of inflation in the late 1970s and the 1980s, but the rate d ecreased substantially in the early 1990s. In 2000 Iceland’s gross domestic product was $8.5 billion.

A Agriculture

Only 9 percent of Iceland’s labor force is engaged in agriculture and fishing. Only 0.07 percent of the land area is under cultivation. The principal crops are turnips and potatoes. Livestock raising is a major occupation, and considerable quantities of dairy products, wool, mutton and lamb, and chicken eggs are produced. In 2001 the country had 465,000 sheep, 72,100 cattle, and 77,330 horses.

B Fishing

Fishing and fish processing are the most important Icelandic industries, and the total catch in 1997 was 2.2 million metric tons. Food products, including fresh and processed fish, account for 70 percent of Iceland’s exports. Iceland is a leading producer of cod, and other major components of the catch include capelin, haddock, crustaceans, herring, redfish, and saithe. Coastal towns have extensive facilities for fish processing. In response to international pressure, Iceland suspended all whaling operations in 1989. However, in June 1992 Iceland withdrew from the International Whaling Commission, disputing the designation of some species of whales as endangered and claiming that certain species threatened Iceland’s commercial fish population.

C Mining

Iceland has few proven mineral resources, and profitable development has been difficult. Minerals of commercial value include pumice and diatomite.

D Manufacturing

Aside from fish processing, manufacturing is primarily for domestic consumption needs. Principal products are clothing, shoes, soaps, and chemicals. Book production is also a large trade in Iceland. Some electrical appliances are made. In addition, major plants producing aluminum (from imported bauxite) and ferrosilicon have been established to take advantage of Iceland’s energy resources.

E Energy

Hydroelectric installations produce 85 percent of Iceland’s electricity, with geothermal sources supplying the rest. Output in 1999 was 7.1 billion kilowatt hours. Hot water from springs is used for heating and in some manufacturing operations.

F Currency and Banking

The monetary unit of Iceland is the króna, consisting of 100 aurar (78.62 krónur equal U.S. $1; 2000). In 1981 the government introduced a new króna, equivalent to 100 old krónur. Currency is issued by the state-owned Central Bank (1961). Iceland has several private commercial banks.

G Foreign Trade

The yearly value of Iceland’s imports is often greater than that of its exports, although the country’s foreign trade balances occasionally. In 2000 imports cost $2.6 billion, and exports earned $1.9 billion. Major imports include refined petroleum, machinery, transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, basic manufactures, and foodstuffs. Exports of metal and ores, including a significant amount of aluminum, account for 16 percent of total exports. The country’s main trade partners are the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, France, Norway, and Japan.

H Transportation and Communications

Iceland has 12,962 km (8,054 mi) of roads, which are mainly located in coastal areas. In 1999 Iceland had 546 passenger cars for every 1,000 residents. The island has no railroads or navigable rivers. The country has several seaports, including Arkanes, Keflavík, Reykjavík, and Siglufj?reur. Icelandair provides domestic and international air service.

There are 3 daily newspapers published in Iceland, with a combined circulation of 145,000. Telephone and telegraph services are owned and administered by the government; the state monopoly on radio and television broadcasting ended in 1986. In 1997 the country had 950 radio receivers and 358 television sets for every 1,000 inhabitants.

V GOVERNMENT

Iceland is governed under a constitution that became effective when the country achieved full independence in 1944. Iceland has no armed forces of its own excep t for 120 coast guard personnel, but is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 1997 some 1,520 United States military personnel were stationed at Keflavík air base.

A Executive

The head of state of Iceland is a president, who is elected by universal suffrage by persons aged 18 and older to a four-year term. The president has little power, and the country’s chief executive is a prime minister, who is responsible to Parliament. The prime minister is assisted by a cabinet, which holds real executive power.

B Legislature

The legislature of Iceland is the Althing, which has met almost continually since its establishment in ad 930, and which was converted from a bicameral to a unicameral system in 1991. It has 63 members, 54 elected to four-year terms under a system of proportional representation and 9 allotted to the political parties based on their relative vote totals in the elections.

C Political Parties

The leading political organizations of Iceland are the Independence Party, a conservative group; the leftist Alliance coalition, which includes the People’s Alliance, the People’s Party, and the Alliance of Women’s List; the liberal Progressive Party; and the Left-Green Alliance. Governments in Iceland are generally formed by coalitions, including the current government of the Independence Party and the Progressive Party.

介紹冰島的英語短文

I think Iceland ia very beatiful 我認(rèn)為并倒是很美麗的。

Old accounts say the ancient gods themselves guided Iceland first settler， Ingolfur Arnarson， to make his home in Reykjavik. He named the place Reykjavik， a pollution-free energy source that leaves the air outstandingly fresh， clean and clear.

據(jù)說古代神親自引導(dǎo)冰島的第一個(gè)定居者，因格福爾·阿納森，讓他在雷克雅未克的家。他給那地方雷克雅未克，無污染的能源，葉片的空氣非常新鮮，干凈。